In: IEE Seminar on Speech and Language Processing for the Disabled and Elderly People, pp. et al.: Signing for the deaf using virtual humans. In: New Trends in Human–Computer Interaction, pp. īaldassarri, S., Royo-Santas, F.: An automatic rule-based translation system to Spanish sign language (LSE). īaldassarri, S., et al.: Maxine: a platform for embodied animated agents. In: Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. et al.: Automatic translation system to Spanish sign language with a virtual interpreter. īadler, N.I., et al.: Animation control for real-time virtual humans. Īraújo, T.M.U.D., et al.: An approach to generate and embed sign language video tracks into multimedia contents. In: Proceedings of the World congress on nature and biologically inspired computing, pp. et al.: Design and development of a frame based MT system for English-to-ISL. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on speech and language processing for assistive technologies, pp 101–109 (2011)Īnuja, K. et al.: Arabic text to Arabic sign language translation system for the deaf and hearing-impaired community. Instituto Superior Técnico (2014)Īlmohimeed, A. Īlmeida, I.: Exploring challenges in avatar-based translation from European Portuguese to Portuguese sign language. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Arab Computational Linguistics, pp. Īl-barahamtoshy, O.H., Al-barhamtoshy, H.M.: Arabic text-to-sign (ArTTS ) model from automatic SR system. 1–6 (2010)Īchraf, O., Jemni, M.: Designing high accuracy statistical machine translation for sign language using parallel corpus: case study English and American sign language. In: International Arab Conference on Information Technology, pp. There is also a requirement to improve translation methods and include the contribution of advanced technologies such as deep learning and neural networks to make an optimal translation process between text and sign language.īoudlal, A., Lakhoujaja, A.M.: Alkhalil Morpho Sys1: a morphosyntactic analysis system for Arabic texts. We call for increased efforts in presentation of signs to make them an easy and comfortable mode of communication for deaf society. Manual and automatic evaluation methods used in every study is presented along with their respective performance metrics. Different methods for sign language generation are reported with their benefits and limitations. Studies pertaining to the specified classifications have been presented with their advantages and limitations. These categories are further sub-classified into different classifications depending upon the type of machine translation. Existing literature about sign language machine translation is broadly classified into three different categories. We used a standard procedure of carrying out a systematic literature review on 148 studies published in 30 reputed journals and 40 premium conferences and workshops. This paper deals with the systematic survey of conventional and state-of-the-art sign language machine translation and sign language generation projects. The need at this time is to automate this communication so as the deaf society is not dependent upon human interpreters. For this to happen there should be a mode of direct communication between hearing and deaf people. The deaf society of the world needs to have access to all the information just like hearing people do. An equal opportunity for all is the basic right of every human being.
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